4. Sources of Revenue Earnings There are two major sources for government revenue earning: 1. Tax Revenues (TR) 2. Non-tax Revenues (NTR) All revenue earning by the DoF is Non-tax Revenues. During last five years, non-tax revenue earned by the DoF is shown in Table Table: Non tax revenue earned in last five years
2. Marketing and export/ import: Almost all farmed produced shrimps are exported as processed frozen sea food and is the second largest export item in Bangladesh. The contribution of fisheries sub-sector to the total export earnings during 2010-11 was 2.73%. Presently 82 processing plants are in operation, all are HACCP certified and licensed by DoF for export of fish and fish products to European Union (EU), USA, Japan, Russia, Korea, China and India. In order to find out new market destination, Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock has already sent proposal to sign MoU with five East- European Nations for exporting fishery products. As consequence of repeated Rapid Alert System of Food and Feed (RASFF) against Bangladeshi fresh water prawn being contamination with Nitrofuran metabolites especially Semicarbazide (SEM) in May 2009. Bangladesh Government had been imposed six-month voluntary ban on export of fresh water prawn to EU market. The number of RASFF was increased in 2009 because of adopting faulty protocol by Belgian testing laboratory. The Belgian laboratory started testing shrimp with tail and exo skeleton instead of flesh. Under these circumstances, Bangladesh along with donors and private initiatives undertook several measures to identify source of Nitrofuran contamination. As well as the country has been engaged an international residue expert to research the issue. Finally the fact was identified that live crustaceans are able to synthesize SEM naturally and accumulate it in their shell and tail. In order to check the quality of exported shrimp the EU authority has imposed 20% mandatory testing requirement at border entry of European countries. MoFL along with DoF taken serious measures to rectify the controlling measures, legal provisions as well as monitoring measures of food contamination. As a result the EU authority has lifted the 20% mandatory testing requirement of exported products at EU border and it is notable that this mandatory requirement still prevails in some large shrimp exporting countries. Fish is exported to foreign countries, other than India, through Chittagong and Mongla Ports. Of late, some fish and shrimp are also being air-freighted to Middle –east and U.K. from Dacca. Until recently, fish used to be exported to India from many different centres. It has now been decided that the BFDC will control all fish export to India through five selected points viz., Barisal, Khulna, Sylhet, Narayanganj and Fardipur. 2.1. Equipment import The major imports of equipment since 1972 consist of trawlers (from USSR, UK, Denmark), marine engines (from USSR, Denmark, Japan, Sweden, Norway, Germany), Synthetic twine and ropes (from USSR, Denmark, Japan, Norway), boat-building timber (from India), refrigeration complexes (from Japan, Denmark), ice plants (from Denmark, Norway, Rumania), a fishmeal plant and a shrkliver oil plant (from Denmark), a fully equipped inland fishery research vessel (from Denmark), refrigerated and insulated lorries (from Rumania, Japan) and training equipment for marine fishing (from USSR). 3. Fish and Shrimp Culture 3.1. Fish Culture 3.1.1. Pond aquaculture Currently pond aquaculture has been practiced in a total area of about 3.5 lakh ha which is 7.4 % of total inland water. Pond aquaculture is producing about 1199866 mt fish which contributing 47.70% of total inland production in 2010-11. The pond production involves composite culture produces an average 3430 kg/ha whereas there are records of 63 mt/ha production of pangas under intensive farming in Mymensingh region. 3.1.2. Fish culture in paddy field Paddy fields and seasonal floodplains are promising and potential resources for aquaculture. It has been estimated that paddy fields cover an area of about 80 lakh ha of which 28.34 lakh ha floodplains which remain 4-5 months under water. 3.1.3. Fish culture in borrow-pit and khal Different types of waterbodies improved under Integrated Fisheries and Livestock Development Project in Flood Control, Drainage and Irrigation (FCDI) Project area and other waterbodies also included in the aquaculture systems. 3.1.4. Fish culture in baor (Ox-bow lake): A total of about 600 baors having an area of 5,488 ha are situated in the south west part of the country. Different development projects have been implementing to increase the fish production from baor. The total water area of baors have been developed and brought under improved aquaculture through fingerling stocking and management practices. Six baors of Jessore district were under disposal of DoF till Feb/2009 and now these baors are under disposal of Department of Fisheries according to the MoU signed between Ministry of Land and Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries for next 6 years. Besides this, 30 baors are managing by OLP-2 project of DoF with the financial support of IFAD. These baors covered area of 1137 ha and fish production has increased from 80 kg to 750 kg/ha (DoF 2008). Local fisher communities are being involved in the baor management and improved their livelihood. 3.1.5. Cage culture Cage aquaculture has been identified as a means of livelihoods for landless people. Northwest Fisheries Extension Project (NFEP) in Parbatipur, Dinajpur and Patuakhali Barguna Aquaculture Extension Project (PBAEP) demonstrated cage aquaculture as pilot basis. The production achieved through cage culture was encouraging and satisfactory but the activities were discontinued due to socio-economic condition of the farmers and some constrains. Cage culture of monosex tilapia is being practiced in Chandpur, Laxmipur Faridpur, Barishal, Mymensingh, Dhaka, Munsigonj, Gopalganj and other regions of Bangladesh. In 2011, about 6750 MT fish produced from 6000 cages. 3.1.6. Pen culture Pen culture is also one of the potential means of producing fish from vast water body or water channel. In recent years, pens are made with different materials like bamboo, net, iron-meshed, wooden pillar etc. The area of pen also varies in size from half to few ha. The fish species reared in the pen are carp, tilapia, pangas etc. 3.1.7. Integrated fish farming: The integration of aquaculture with duck and chicken production was begun experimentally at the BFRI, Mymensingh producing some promising results. The project demonstrated that 500 khaki Campbell ducks can be profitably raised on a 1 ha carp pond while also producing 4.5 tonnes/ha of fish without any additional need for supplementary feed or fertiliser for the fish. The most promising integrated farming in Bangladesh however, is rice fish culture, Ameen (1987) reported on the technique from many parts of Bangladesh. Traditionally one or more sump pond(s) are constructed at the lowest corner of the paddy field where fish accumulate as the water level reduces, thus fish are harvested from the sump without any additional stocking or management practices being required. 6.2.1. Shrimp Culture: The major shrimp producing districts are Bagerhat, Satkhira, Pirojpur, Khulan, Cox's Bazar and Chittagong, recently farmers especially in the Bagerhat and Pirojpur districts have begun shrimp farming in their paddy fields. Traditionally shrimp farming began by trapping tidal waters in nearby coastal enclosures known as 'gher' where no feed, fertilisers or other inputs were applied, with an increasing demand from both national and international markets farmers started to switch over into improved extensive and semi-intensive systems. With the expansion of aquaculture, environmental degradation, biodiversity and the control of the outbreak of disease especially in the coastal farming operations have become the major issues. Shrimp post larvae (PL) collectors are estimated to destroy nearly 100 other species of flora and fauna while collecting post larvae of Penaeus monodon , moreover, the destruction of mangrove forest for coastal shrimp culture and the introduction of viral diseases in semi-intensive farms has also become serious issues for concern. For inland aquaculture, habitat destruction, the use of insecticides and the introduction of diseases like epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS) have also become important issues. There are two types of cultue 1. Shrimp (Bagda) Culture 2. Shrimp (Golda) Culture Shrimp farming and production:
Prawn(golda) farming and production:
4. FISHERY ORGANISATIONS
Several organizations are involved in fishery development. Thus the fishery administration and management in Bangladesh is characterized by multiple controls. The main administrative body was however, the Forest Fisheries and Livestock Division of the Ministry of agriculture until June 1977 when the Government by issuing a notification had transferred "Marine Fishery, Fishing and Fisheries beyond territorial waters (including deep sea fishing), Fish Harbours, Fish Quality Testing Laboratories at Chittagong and Khulna and other ancillary organizations" from the Ministry of Agriculture to the Ministry of Commerce. However, since December 1977, the Government has again reconsolidated both marine and inland fisheries in a newly established Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock. This action augurs well for the future of fisheries. The recent moves are also most commendable evidence of the recognition on the part of a forward-looking Government of the great importance of the living aquatic resources for the future of Bangladesh. The chief public sector agencies involved in the implementation of fishery development activities are Directorate of Fisheries and Bangladesh Development Corporation (BFDC). Other departments and agencies of public and cooperative sectors involved one way or the other in fisheries activities are (a) Directorate of Cooperatives (b) Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP), (c) Ministry of Land Administration and Land Reform (d) Ministry of Local Government, Rural Development and Cooperatives (e) Bangladesh Sugar and Food Industries Corporation (BSFIC), (f) Bangladesh Jatiya Matshyajibi Samabaya Samity (BJMSS), (g) Planning Commission and certain (h) Universities. A few voluntary organizations are also directly involved in fishery development
5. FISH PROCESSING CENTRE
i. BFDC
ii. BSFIC
iii. BJMSS
vi. Private entrepreneurs
i. BFDC :
Fish processing facilities of the BFDC are located at Cox's Bazar, Chittagong and Mongla. The fish processing complex at Cox's Bazar is located on a 4 - hectare plot on the Baghkhali river about three and-a-half miles upstream from the mouth of the river, and about 3 miles upstream from the BFDC Wholesale Fish Market. The processing complex which has been in operation since 1966-67 includes crude facilities for manufacturing fishmeal and sharkliver oil. There is also a modern drying kiln at Cox's Bazar. Al the Chittagong Fish Harbour, small-scale canning facilities, a modern sharkliver oil plant, a fishmeal plant and a freezing plant are available under the scheme "Fish and by-products processing units at Chittagong". The canning machineries were received from Japan through UNDP source back in 1968. The sharkliver oil plant and the fishmeal plant have been procured through DANIDA and installed in 1976-77. The freezing plant is of Japanese origin but donated by the USSR Government. The plant was installed at the end of 1977. At Mongla in Khulna, a refrigeration complex of Danish orgin is being installed on a 13.4 hectare plot of land acquired on the left bank of the Pussur river in the port area. The installation work cannot perhaps be completed before the end of 1978. In addition to providing ice and cold storage facilities to the fishermen of Sundarbans area, this complex will process shrimp and fish and export them in frozen condition.
ii. BSFIC
There are two factories at Khulna, namely, Bangladesh Cold Storage, and Fish Export Limited, and three at Chittagong, namely, Bay Fishing Limited, Amin Agency, and Eastern Fisheries Limited, engaged in processing (dressing, packaging and freezing) shrimp, fish and frogles. These are hundred percent export-oriented industries, and the factories export all of their products in frozen condition.
iii. BJMSS
The Bangladesh Jatiya Motshyajibi Samabaya Samity has dressing, packaging and freezing facilities at Chittagong. The BJMSS's processing facilities are also hundred percent export-oriented.
iv. Private entrepreneurs
There are two factories, namely, Eastern Sea Food Ltd., and Labonchora Fish Processing Factory in Khulna and three factories namely, Frozen Food, Banglaesh Food, and Choudhury & Co. in Chittagong. Like the BSFIC and BJMSS, the private fish processing factories are also entirely export oriented and have dressing, packaging and freezing facilities. Fish processing in the small-scale fishery sector includes sun-drying, salting and smoking. Although no correct statistics are available, large volumes of fish and shrimp are sun-dried in a crude way by the small fishermen. In Dubla Island (Khulna) alone, about 3,000 tons (dry weight) of dry fish including 60 tons of dry shrimp are produced annually.
9. The institutional framework:
The following institutional bodies are involved in aquaculture and fisheries in Bangladesh:
Department of Fisheries (DoF) under the Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock (MoFL) is the sole authority with administrative control over aquaculture in Bangladesh. The DoF is managed by a Director General and has two main sub-departments namely, inland and marine. The main responsibilities held by the DoF include planning, development, extension and training, DoF has six divisional offices, 64 district offices and 497 upazilla (sub-districts) offices and in addition it has 118 hatcheries and four training centers (Mazid, 2002).Bangladesh Fisheries Research Institute (BFRI) conducts and coordinates research and to some extent training.Bangladesh Rural Development Board is responsible for the fisheries component of integrated rural development.Land Administration and Land Reform Division is responsible for the leasing of public water bodies.Export Promotion Bureau is responsible for export of fisheries products, along with the Bangladesh Frozen Foods Exporters Association which is also involved in the export of frozen shrimp, fish and fish products.The country's universities are responsible for higher level fisheries education.External Resource Division under the Ministry of Finance is responsible for external aid for aquaculture development.Bangladesh Krishi (Agriculture) Bank, Bangladesh Samabay (Co-operative) Bank and some other commercial banks are responsible for issuing credit to the aquaculture sector.Many of the national and international NGO's provides credits to the fish farmers and as well as takes up projects for aquaculture extension and development.International organizations (DFID, Danida, NORAD, JICA, World Bank, IMF, ADB etc.) provide grants and credits for aquaculture development.Youth Development Training Centers, under the Ministry of Youth, deals with extension and the training of unemployed young people and fish farmers.
10. Applied research, education and training:
Experts from the DoF, BFRI, universities and NGOs develop research ideas and agree priorities through detailed discussion in workshops, the selected research topics are then sent to the MoFL for approval and execution. The main task of conducting applied and adaptive research has been bestowed upon the BFRI although universities are also involved. The Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council (BARC) is the national body for coordinating, monitoring and evaluating all aquaculture research, in addition international organisations such as CIRDAP, FAO, DFID, Danida, World Bank, CIDA, IDRC and World Fish Center are also involved in action oriented research programs related to aquaculture in Bangladesh.
Formal fisheries education and research first began at the Faculty of Fisheries, Bangladesh Agricultural University in Mymensingh in 1967, the faculty offers B.Sc. Fisheries (eight semesters), M.Sc. (three semesters) and Ph.D. degrees in various specialised areas of fisheries and aquaculture. Later, the Institute of Marine Science was established at Chittagong University in 1973, followed by the Fisheries and Marine Science discipline in Khulna University in 1991, the Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries at Dhaka University in 1998 and the Department of Aquaculture at Rajshahi University in 2000 for fisheries education and research. The Zoology departments at the above and other universities also offer subjects related to aquaculture and fisheries.
The Bangladesh Agricultural University offers training to the Government and NGO fisheries officers through its Graduate Training Institute, other institutes offering fisheries education and training are the Marine Fisheries Academy, Chittagong which offers 1–2 year diploma courses, the Fisheries Training Academy at Savar, Dhaka, the Fisheries Training Institute, Chandpur, offers 1–3 months training. The Fish Hatchery and Training Center, Raipur, the Fisheries Training Center, Faridpur and Vocational Youth Training Centers provide diploma certificates. Trends, issues and development.11. Recommendation: The following issues require to be addressed in future: To bring all available water bodies under modern fish culture regimes.To generate increased employment opportunities in fisheries and allied industries.To conserve fisheries resources and species biodiversity.To develop fish landing and marketing systems.To establish institutional frameworks to ensure research findings are made available to the relevant people.To provide an adequate provision of financial assistance to fish and shrimp farmers.To increase and sustain fish production for both domestic consumption and export.
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